B.Sc. Chemistry
1st Semester Syllabus
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MJC-1 (T) : Inorganic Chemistry: Atomic Structure & Chemical Bonding and Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry
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Unit 1: Atomic Structure
◦Bohr's Theory, its limitations and atomic spectrum of hydrogen atom
◦Wave mechanics: de Broglie equation
◦Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and its significance
◦Schrodinger's wave equation
◦Significance of wave function
◦Quantum Numbers and their significance
◦Normalized and orthogonal wave functions
◦Sign of wave functions
◦Radial and angular wave functions for hydrogen atom
◦Radial and angular distribution curves
◦Shapes of s, p, d and f orbitals
◦Contour boundary and probability diagrams
◦Pauli's Exclusions Principle
◦Hund's Rule of maximum multiplicity
◦Aufbau's principle and its limitations
◦Variations of orbital energy with atomic number
Unit 2: Chemical Bonding
◦Ionic bond: General characteristics
◦Types of ions size effects
◦Radius ratio rule and its limitations
◦Packing of ions in crystals
◦Born-Lande equation with derivation and importance of Kapustinskii expression for lattice energy
◦Madelung constant
◦Born-Haber cycle and its application
◦Solvation energy
◦Covalent bond: Lewis structure
◦Valence Bond Theory (Heitler-London approach)
◦Energetics of hybridization
◦Equivalent and non-equivalent hybrid orbitals
◦Bent's rule
◦Resonance and resonance energy
◦Molecular orbital theory
◦Molecular orbital diagrams of diatomic and simple polyatomic molecules N2, O2, C2, B2, F2 & CO, NO and their ions
◦Hydrogen chloride
◦Beryllium fluoride
◦Carbon dioxide
◦(idea of s-p mixing and orbital interaction to be given)
◦Formal charge
◦Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR)
◦Shapes of simple molecules and ions containing lone pairs and bond pairs of electrons
◦Multiple bonding (sigma and pi bond approach) and bond lengths
◦Covalent character in ionic compounds
◦Polarizing power and polaziability
◦Fajan's rule and consequences of polarization
◦Ionic character in covalent compounds: Bond moment
◦Dipole moment and electronegativity difference
◦Metallic bond: Qualitative idea of valence bond and band theories
◦Semiconductors and insulators
◦Defects in solids
◦Weak Chemical Forces: van der Waals forces
◦Ion-dipole forces
◦Dipole-dipole interactions
◦Induced dipole interactions
◦Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interactions
◦Repulsive forces
◦Hydrogen Bonding (theories of hydrogen bonding, valence bond treatment) Effects of chemical force
◦Melting and boiling points
◦Solubility energetics of dissolution process
Unit 3: Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry
◦Physical Effects
◦Electronic Displacements: Inductive Effect
◦Electromeric Effect
◦Resonance and Hyperconjugation
◦Cleavage of Bonds: Homolysis and Heterolysis
◦Structure
◦Shape and reactivity of organic molecules
◦Nucleophiles and electrophiles
◦Reactive Intermediates: Carbocations
◦Carbanions and free radicals
◦Strength of organic acids and bases: Comparative study with emphasis on factors affecting pK values
◦Aromaticity: Benzenoids and Hückel's rule
Unit 4: Stereochemistry
◦Conformations with respect to ethane
◦Butane and cyclohexane
◦Interconversion of Wedge Formula
◦Newmann
◦Sawhorse and Fischer representations
◦Concept of chirality (upto two carbon atoms)
◦Configuration: Geometrical and Optical isomerism
◦Enantiomerism
◦Diastereomerism and Meso compounds)
◦Threo and erythro
◦D and L
◦Cis-trans nomenclature
◦CIP Rules: R/S (for upto 2 chiral carbon atoms) and E/Z Nomenclature (for upto two C=C systems)
Unit 5: Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
◦Functional group approach for the following reactions (preparations & reactions) to be studied in context to their structure
◦Alkanes: (Upto 5 Carbons)
◦Preparation: Catalytic hydrogenation
◦Wurtz reaction
◦Kolbe's synthesis, from Grignard reagent
◦Reactions: Free radical Substitution: Halogenation
◦Alkenes: (Upto 5 Carbons) Preparation: Elimination reactions: Dehydration of alkenes and dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (Saytzeff's rule)
◦Cis alkenes (Partial catalytic hydrogenation) and trans alkenes (Birch reduction)
◦Reactions: cis-addition (alk. KMnO4) and trans-addition (bromine)
◦Addition of HX (Markownikoff's and anti-Markownikoff's addition)
◦Hydration
◦Ozonolysis
◦Oxymercuration-demercuration
◦Hydroboration-oxidation
◦Alkynes: (Upto 5 Carbons) Preparation: Acetylene from CaC2 and conversion into higher alkynes
◦By dehalogenation of tetra halides and dehydrohalogenation of vicinal-dihalides
◦Reactions: formation of metal acetylides
◦Addition of bromine and alkaline KMnO4
◦Ozonolysis and oxidation with hot alk
◦KMnO4
Reference Books:
- Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, F.A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson
- Concise Inorganic Chemistry, J.D. Lee, Blackwell Science, 2001
- Inorganic Chemistry, J.E. Huheey, E.A. Keiter and R.I. Keiter, Pearson Education Asia, 2000
- Inorganic Chemistry, ELBS 2nd Edition, D.F. Shriver, P.W. Atkins and C.H. Langford. Oxford University Press 2002
- Principles of Inorganic Chemistry. B.R. Puri, L.R. Sharma, Jauhar S.P., S.N. Chand & Co
- Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edition (ISE) A.G. Sharpe Addison Wesley
- Organic Chemistry - Graham Solomons
- Stereochemistry - Conformation and Mechanism : P.S Kalsi
- Organic Chemistry - Morrison & Boyd